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Basic Statistical Symbols

and their Meanings

Statistical symbols look Greek to most of us, and many really are Greek. If they seem confusing, remember that each symbol simply represents a particular tool or process. This page contains some basic symbols in statistics and what they mean.

Basic Statistical Symbols 1

Basic Statistical Symbols 2



Symbols that involve processes make sense if you look at them closely. When there are parentheses, do what is inside first. For example, add up all the Xs and then square the total. If there are no parentheses and the square is right after the X, square each score first, then add them up.

Related pages:

Levels of Measurement

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Variability

Top of Statistical Symbols

Back To Statistical Analysis

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Recommended Resources

Highly recommended for understanding basic research concepts. Outstanding, straightforward introduction to research in the social sciences.


My top recommendation for understanding and applying research and statistics at the graduate level. Excellent author and instructor.


Very well-developed text. Great sections on developing survey questions, scales, and questionnaires.